Types of Cells in the Human Body

Types of Cells in the Human Body In this essay I will be looking at the human body and how it is organised, from the simple cell to how the body systems co-operate with each other and that everything functions properly. Firstly I will be looking at some simple cells that will group together to make up a tissue. The first cells I will be looking at will be the erythrocytes, the ova cells in women, the spermatozoon cell in men and the epithelial ciliated cells in the throat. The erythrocytes are made in the red bone marrow of short bones in the body such as the hip bone, breast bone, ribs etc . Red bone marrow can produce new erythrocytes at the rate of about 1 and half million per second to replace those destroyed . When first formed the erythrocyte has a nucleus, which when the cell matures the nucleus is squeezed out to make way for more haemoglobin to be stored inside the erythrocyte. The erythrocyte is very unique in size and structure; it has the look of a biconcave disk shape. These have inner components that allow the transport of oxygen and help the elimination of carbon dioxide. There are approximately 5 million erythrocytes per mmÂÂ ³ of blood. The redness of the red blood cell comes from the pigment it contains; it contains Haemoglobin which combines with oxygen easily to become oxyhaemoglobin there are 180 million haemoglobin molecules in one erythrocyte. Erythrocytes are about 7.8 micrometres in diameter. Erythrocytes can live up to 12 0 days inside the body, before they are broken down in the liver and the spleen by a macrophage. The function of the red blood cell is to primarily transport oxygen from the lungs around the body which can be used for many things, such as making amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates, Their second function is to get rid of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs to be excreted out by the lungs. Oxygen carried by the red blood cells can bind with iron atoms in the blood meaning that haemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen atoms at its maximum capacity. The ability of oxygen to bind with haemoglobin depends on a few factors such as the acidity of the blood and also the temperature. Erythrocytes make up 45% of blood inside the body; the other 55% is plasma. THE OVA CELLS The ova cells are produced in the ovaries of women. This is the by-product of the ovaries which is the tissue that makes the ova. The ovum is a smaller version of an ovary which is small enough to pass down the fallopian tube. This cell is visible and does not need a microscope to see it. It measures in diameter 120um. Its almost a perfect circular cell which has tough follicle cells surrounding the egg to protect it. These cells are normally called ova and they ovulate once every 28 days. The function of ova cells is so that it gives the spermatozoon a chance to fertilise the egg and it has to contain nutrients and metabolites to help sustain itself in early development to hopefully create a human life, as you may well know it is a cycle where once a month a egg develops in the ovaries and is passed down the fallopian tube where it can be fertilised, if fertilisation happens the inside the ova cell, cell division occurs until it reaches the uterus, if unfertilised it will pass out of the body, but if it is fertilised the weight of the ova will imbed itself into the uterus cell wall where it will grow and develop, a successful fertilisation normally is when the woman uterus cell wall is at its highest which is normally the 14th day since the last ovulation. Its structure is perfect for its function, if it was any other shape it could get stuck in the fallopian tube. THE SPERMATOZOON Otherwise known as the sperm cell, this cell is made in the seminiferous tubules in the testes which are lined by germinal epithelial cells which divide repeatedly, forming cells called spermatogonia. The spermatozoon have many structural sections which make it agile and fast. This cell is very specialised and it has some of what most cells have like a head consisting of a nucleus, which contains DNA conjugated with protein in a highly condensed form, mitochondria, microtubules and an acrosome. The nucleus contains the highly condensed set of chromosomes. The condensed state of genetic material reduces the amount of energy needed to transport the sperm. The microtubules produce the whip like movement of a mature sperm, which helps its suspension helping towards the swim to the egg. The mitochondria give the sperm cell the energy it needs to swim, and the acrosome is the storage site of enzymes which help the sperm digest the layers surrounding the egg thus being able to penetrate it. Its primary function is to fertilise an ovum cell, its structure helps it achieve its goal. THE EPITHELIAL CELLS Epithelial cells are produced pretty much anywhere needed in the body where something needs to be protected as we have different types of epithelial cells, take for instance we have squamous epithelium which is also known as pavement epithelium which is found in the walls of blood capillaries and alveoli in the lungs, we also have cuboidal epithelium which is found in some kidney tubules, columnar epithelium which is found in the lining of the small intestine, we also have glandular epithelium which is found in the lining of the rectum, we also have ciliated epithelium, this is formed in the windpipe and Its structure is takes is more of a columnar shape, it has ciliated hairs which beat away from the lungs to move mucus or any other micro-organisms and dust away from the lungs. Smokers are known to have damaged the ciliated hairs by the tar in the cigarettes making the hairs sticky and rigid or they have burnt them. It also has a cytoskeleton called the axoneme, the hairs itself is made of microtubules allowing the hairs to move with more flexibility Its function is just to keep out any foreign tissue, keep micro-organisms out and keep the lungs dust free, its structure helps it as the cilia hairs are facing away from the lungs meaning it will try and keep it by forcing it upwards. TISSUES The epithelial cells will group together to make epithelial tissue which is found in all areas and surfaces of the body, it is specialised to form a covering and or lining of all internal and external surfaces of the body. Epithelial tissue regardless of what type it is, it is separated from a thin-underlying tissue by a thin sheet of connective tissue, the basement membrane, which provides structural support for the epithelium and binds to other neighbouring structures. The ciliated cells in the throat group together to make ciliated epithelial tissue which is formed in a lining normally of the windpipe to help clear mucus, micro-organisms and any foreign tissue a lot more faster and easier than one cell alone. This helps to form one part of the respiratory system. Connective tissue is used to support the body and can bind or connect all tissues together. I will talk about one type of connective tissue which is going to be the bones in our body can also be about the bones in our body. The bones primarily give us the support we need and also give us locomotion to move, it protects delicate organs such as the brain from damage, and is also the site for where erythrocytes are made. It also plays a part in homeostasis which controls the amount of calcium in the blood. Under a microscope the bone is arranged in concentrated layers (lamellae) around the small canals called a haversian canal which interconnects to a volkmanns canal which contains a blood vessel, a lymph and nerve cell. Muscle tissue allows us to be able to relax or contrast our muscles to for us to exercise movement or do some work which requires us to use our muscles, its structure depends on the muscles that come from different areas of the body. We have smooth muscle tissue, skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue. I will now relate to one example which I will look at the structure and function of the smooth muscle tissue. The structure of smooth muscle tissue is made up of thin elongated muscle cells or fibres, these cells are long and pointed to the end and each cell has a large oval nucleus. The smooth muscle tissue is involuntary and we no control over it, some places you will find this tissue are the walls of the bladder, the uterus and the walls of blood vessels, its function is to control, slow involuntary movements such as the contraction of muscle tissue in the walls of the intestines and stomach. Nervous tissue is made up of nerve cells, also known as motor neuron which makes up one part of the nervous system. The structure of a motor neurone is pretty complex, these are lay up and down the body almost touching one another, via the dendrites through the axon, to the synapse, to be dissolved in neurotransmitters to another dendrite, and the central nervous system has three components for it to efficiently work, the motor neurone, the spinal cord and the brain. All motor neurones are connected to the spinal cord and the brain is connected to the spinal cord. A motor neurones function is to detect stimuli and respond to it adequately, it does this by sending electrical messages via the motor neurones to the spinal cord, to the brain and from the brain back to the motor neurones to the connected muscle to react to the stimuli. Its structure means the surface area of motor neurone is big enough to send high powered electrical messages at very high speeds. ORGAN SYSTEMS Up to now we have named a few cells which have developed into tissues, I will now look at the organs from the tissues that come together. The red blood cells have grouped up with plasma to make the blood, the squamous epithelial cells have grouped together to make capillaries, capillaries have grouped and made veins and arteries. All this is has made the circulatory system. The heart is the main organ in this system which too was made of a muscle cell which then grouped to make muscle tissue, making it what it is, the heart is specialised as a muscle as it needs pressure to pump the blood around the body, also it is hallow on the inside which allows the blood to fill the heart and then pump it around the body again. It is made of four chambers, which fill with blood, but they work separately because blood pumped into the heart is deoxygenated and pumped out oxygenated. Together they operate to form the circulatory system. BODY SYSTEMS The systems eventually start working together as one, like the respiratory system works with the circulatory system, the endocrine system works with the whole body giving it hormones, the nervous system works with the brain and spinal cord using nerve cells. The digestive system works alongside the reproductive system. With this in mind we will look at how the body systems work as one entire unit. To ensure we have life, we must to be able to breathe and for that to happen we need our heart beating with blood. The oxygen we breathe in is absorbed into the bloodstream which circulates around our body, picking up glucose and urea from the liver and arriving back at the lungs, and the waste products, like carbon dioxide is excreted. Blood contains waste products such as urea which is given to the liver and bile is added to this ready for digestion in the form of urine but that is after it has passed the kidneys. This links, the circulatory system, the respiratory system and digestive sy stem together. The endocrine system also helps the digestion system by regulating the water balance and blood pressure with the use of very important hormones, such as thyroxin which controls the bodys metabolism. The endocrine system also works with nervous system as it regulates internal functions and maintaining homeostasis. The reproductive system is linked to the digestive system as waste water is excreted through the sexual organs. So the body is linked in many ways to help it function as one whole unit.

Free Trade: America Should NOT Protect Industries from Foreign Competit

Free Trade: America Should NOT Protect Industries from Foreign Competition Many politicians oppose free international trade, trade without any restrictions, for a couple of reasons. From their point of view it would affect the United States in several ways: 1. Many USA workers would lose their jobs because factories would be moved to the country with whom the U.S. has a Free Trade Agreement, and where working force is much cheaper. 2. Importing foreign goods and services without tariff into the United States makes it harder for domestic industries to compete with lower prices and better quality of foreign competition. 3. Some politicians feel that it is not the right decision to have open trade with countries where the workforce is forced to work and where prisoners are used as workers. Because of these reasons, politicians who oppose Free Trade, feel that the U.S. should have some kind of restrictions, such as protective tariffs, import quotas, non tariff barriers, and/or export subsidies. However, some politicians and economists feel differently. They say that if some country would raise its barriers in order to reduce imports and stimulate production, the country whose exports suffer may raise its barriers, too. This would cause a trade war. The trade war would effect every nation in lower output, income, and employment; example is the Smooth-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930. The United St...

Functionalism and Poverty

Bethune cookman university | Poverty: From A Functionalist & A Conflict Perspective| Social Problems – SO 132| | John Arthur Jackson, III| 9/29/2012| This assignment will analyze two different forms of social analysis and how it relates to explaining the existence of poverty. | Functionalists Perspective & It’s View Concerning Poverty As it concerns social analysis, the functionalists believe that society is a stable, and orderly system comprised of interrelated, and interdependent parts all working together to achieve homeostasis (equilibrium).As far as the individual is concerned, they view them as being shaped by society, a relatively passive people molded by their experience and interactions with society. Any change that occurs in society is deemed disruptive and the system would seek to restore balance quickly. In addition, any part that is dysfunctional is correlated to the system as a whole, and there is not one thing that stands in isolation from the other. Conc erning poverty, functionalists argue that poverty is not as apparent as the figures put it. There is a consensus that even though poverty is a social problem, it isn’t as abundant as we think it is.This consensus is come to after the functionalists take into consideration the antipoverty benefits that are available for those who experience and just like that poverty is much lower than popular belief. So in lament terms functionalists claim that if we take into account all of the available benefits that are for poor people then we would come to a conclusion that poverty is lower than estimation. As you can see, poverty from this perspective is just a way of life, and perhaps probably an incentive, encouraging everyone to work that much harder to promote overall well-being and possible social mobility.Possibly, there is an ultimate balance by the existence of poverty by depicting a clear division of power and wealth. There will always be the rich, and there will always be the p oor and thus balance. Poverty, serves to remind those who aren’t in that position to have a reason to attain or to achieve just to avoid having to conform to the problem of poverty. Also, the existence of poverty allows others to compare themselves to, just to make the contrast between the two provide certain thankfulness to their situation. As to say that, whatever they are going through couldn’t get that much worse than someone who is already in poverty.Conflict Perspective & It’s View Concerning Poverty The idea that society is just a continuous power struggle between social classes over the availability and allocation of scarce resources would be the perspective of the Conflict Theorists. The premise of their argument is that there doesn’t need to be a reason to place blame on people who find themselves in an impoverished socioeconomic condition. Logically, if we continue to place blame on the people who are living in poverty, we continue to shift the focus off of the problem and onto the individual which shouldn’t be the case.There should be a firm emphasis on the bigger societal problems that occur by the hands of the unstable capitalists and avaricious elitists who continue to perpetuate a falsified ideology for people to believe in. Conflict Theorists claim that poverty â€Å"†¦ is rooted in past and present prejudice and discrimination that keeps people of color out of the economic mainstream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kendall 2012). The subpar socioeconomically related living conditions that impoverished African Americans and other minorities find themselves in are just the fuel to the fire. †¦ Inadequate housing, sub-standard schools, and crime-ridden neighborhoods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kendall 2012) causes the high poverty rate among the aforementioned racial groups. The lacks of regulated social policies that concern the ever-present and ongoing problems of economic inequality continue to perpetuate the capitalistic ideo logy as well as subordinate the ethnic groups that face this alienation. The conflict theorists agree that the structural problems (substandard schools, inadequate housing etc. 😉 are beyond the poor person’s control.So in order to rectify this situation, it would behoove the nation’s political and business leadership to formulate a way to compensate people who are living in poverty in accordance to being able to afford the basic necessities of life. In addition, the wealthy must face a tax cut, so that the middle class can strengthen and the lower class can shrink. In other words, in order to significantly reduce the problem of poverty; conflict theorists believe that we must stop blaming the victim for being poor, but instead find a way that benefits and help the poor people become more affluent, not financially only but economically as well.

Free Essays on Spurgeon

Spurgeon Heir of the Puritans by Ernest W. Bacon Spurgeon Heir of the Puritans is the biography of Charles Haddon Spurgeon, one of the greatest and most popular preaches who ever lived. Spurgeon was born on June 19, 1834, in Kelvedon, Essex, to John and Eliza Spurgeon. At the age of 18 months, for reasons unknown, Charles was sent to live with his grandparents who had strong influences on his life. Even though his grandfather and father were both pastors, it wasn’t until Spurgeon was nearly 16 that he gave his life to Christ. On a Sunday morning, January 6, 1850, Spurgeon started to church looking for answers to the many question he had on salvation. Because of a terrible storm he could not attend the church he had planned on. He ended up at a Primitive Methodist church where God used a simple preacher to explain that all he had to do was look to Christ and trust His work on the cross. Spurgeon’s one desire was for God to use him to preach the gospel as his father and grandfather did. At the age of 16 Spurgeon preached his first sermon and at the age of 17 became the pastor of a small village church called Waterbeach. At the age of 19 Spurgeon was called to pastor the New Park Street Chapel in London. He became very popular and by the time he was 21 his sermons were being published and to the this very day he remains very popular. Shortly after he came to the New Park Street Chapel, Charles Spurgeon met and married Susannah Thompson. Spurgeon considered her as a gift from God and a much needed helpmeet for his ministry. Spurgeon was preaching to crowds of 6,000 in the newly constructed Metropolitan Tabernacle. Although Spurgeon never received a college education, he was known for his intelligence and knowledge of the Word of God. The time spent on preparations for his sermons was Saturday evenings and Sunday afternoons. At one time Spurgeon was ... Free Essays on Spurgeon Free Essays on Spurgeon Spurgeon Heir of the Puritans by Ernest W. Bacon Spurgeon Heir of the Puritans is the biography of Charles Haddon Spurgeon, one of the greatest and most popular preaches who ever lived. Spurgeon was born on June 19, 1834, in Kelvedon, Essex, to John and Eliza Spurgeon. At the age of 18 months, for reasons unknown, Charles was sent to live with his grandparents who had strong influences on his life. Even though his grandfather and father were both pastors, it wasn’t until Spurgeon was nearly 16 that he gave his life to Christ. On a Sunday morning, January 6, 1850, Spurgeon started to church looking for answers to the many question he had on salvation. Because of a terrible storm he could not attend the church he had planned on. He ended up at a Primitive Methodist church where God used a simple preacher to explain that all he had to do was look to Christ and trust His work on the cross. Spurgeon’s one desire was for God to use him to preach the gospel as his father and grandfather did. At the age of 16 Spurgeon preached his first sermon and at the age of 17 became the pastor of a small village church called Waterbeach. At the age of 19 Spurgeon was called to pastor the New Park Street Chapel in London. He became very popular and by the time he was 21 his sermons were being published and to the this very day he remains very popular. Shortly after he came to the New Park Street Chapel, Charles Spurgeon met and married Susannah Thompson. Spurgeon considered her as a gift from God and a much needed helpmeet for his ministry. Spurgeon was preaching to crowds of 6,000 in the newly constructed Metropolitan Tabernacle. Although Spurgeon never received a college education, he was known for his intelligence and knowledge of the Word of God. The time spent on preparations for his sermons was Saturday evenings and Sunday afternoons. At one time Spurgeon was ...

Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie

Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie De Broglie was born August 15, 1892. He is the son of Victor Duc de Broglie and Pauline dArmallie. He studied at the Lycee Janson of Sailly, he graduated from there in He got his degree in history in 1910. He gained his science degree in in 1913, after discovering he had a He was conscripted for military services and posted to the wireless section of the army, where he remained for the remaining of the war During his time in the war he was stationed in the Eiffel Tower, where he devoted his spare time to the study oh technical problems. Once the war ended De Broglie resumed his studies of general While following his older brothers steps, de Broglie, he specialized in theoretical physics and in the study of problems involving quanta. In 1924, at the Faculty of Sciences in Paris University he delivered a thesis Recherches sur la Theorie des Quanta (Researches on the quantum theory), which gained him his doctors degree. If light waves can behave like a stream of particles(photons), then perhaps particles such as electrons can posses wave properties. According to de Broglie, an electron bound to the nucleus behaves like standing waves. Standing waves can be generated by plucking, say, a guitar string. The waves are described as standing, or stationary, because they do not travel along the string. Some points on the string , called nodes, do not move at all; that is, the amplitude of the wave at these points is zero. There is a node at each end, and there may be nodes between the ends. The greater the frequency of the vibration, the shorter the wavelength of the standing wave and the In other words, de Broglie proposed that, like light, ordinary particles

Refugees and Races Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refugees and Races - Research Paper Example The countries of the world, especially those who preach against the very factors that drive refugees out of their homes, is expected to open their communities and societies in order to receive these poor souls. But the fact is that some of them refuse accepting immigrants or impose restrictions on refugees. For the purposes of this paper, several countries would be cited in order to provide a picture about sorry state of policies governing refugees. The first of these is Australia. The country has a number of codes and legal guarantees for the acceptance of refugees. For instance, there is the Section 91R of the Migration Act of 1958, which identifies the requirements for an immigrant that should be accepted because he or she is a refugee. In a specific case that is already part of the Australian jurisprudence, Applicant A v MIIEA, it was held that "as long as the discrimination constitutes persecution and is inflicted for a Convention reason, the person will qualify as a refugee." ( Bagaric and Vrachnas 2006, 296) However, recent events demonstrate a different reality with regards to the Australian refugee policy. In 2001, hundreds of Afghans and Iraqis being persecuted at home and hoping for sanctuary in Australia were met with Australian warships effectively sending them to Indonesia, where they languished for weeks with uncertain future, having no country of their own (Timberlake 2001). Recently, 430 Sri Lankan and Pakistani refugees also suffered the same faith when Australia refused to accept them after they were rescued by a Norwegian cargo ship (Mail Online 2011). The fact is that Australia has been enforcing tougher immigration policy and could be found discriminating against refugees, particularly boat people, even though they fit the profile of those persecuted individuals that the country ideally welcomes with open arms. According to Sidoti, the National spokesperson of Human Rights Council of Australia: The most recent refugee arrivals in Australia have been predominantly from Afghanistan and Iraq and they have been predominantly Muslim. They have experienced discrimination on these bases along with other Muslim and Middle Eastern residents of Australia. The NSW Police Commissioner recently reported a great increase of attacks on Muslim or Middles Eastern residents of the state since the Bali bombing on 12 October... They have also included stones thrown through the windows of the homes and shops of Muslims (2002).. The same can also be said about the United Kingdom. This country has a long anti-immigration history. For example, the Merchant Shipping Act of 1906 introduced a language test for those signing in British ships in the UK, meaning to discriminate against all non-white sailors. (Shah 2000) It was only after the 1980s when the UK government started to encourage plurality. It was a gradual process that has been characterized by community resentments and race riots, considering the way the British see immigrants as fore ign and alien. Today, the country's immigration and refugee policies are characterized by a particular aversion to non-white applicants and is still reminiscent of the Merchant Shipping Act by mandating English proficiency, along with other stringent requirement for all immigrants designed to weed out undesirable races. By 1990s, the UK has accumulated a series of measures that strengthened immigration controls, especially those that made it more difficult for asylum seekers to enter the country by imposing visa requirements on the countries from which asylum seekers came and imposing a duty on carriers to ensure that only

Marketing planing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Marketing planing - Assignment Example Analyzing marketing plan of Boots UK Limited will be the essence of this paper while understanding the research problem in context to theoretical argument of various research scholars. Before going to this discussion, the researcher will try to understand the business matrix of Boots UK Limited. Boots UK Limited- Business Overview Boots was established by John Boot in the year 1849 and the company is headquartered in Nottingham, United Kingdom (Boots-UK, 2013a). Boots UK is the subsidiary of Alliance Boots which is a multinational pharmacy-led health and beauty group (Boots-UK, 2013b). Boots UK works in close partnership with pharmacists and medicine manufacturers in order to maintain steady flow of supply. The company focuses on three major business verticals such as pharmaceutical wholesaling & retail distribution, pharmacy-led health supplement distribution and beauty retailing (Boots-UK, 2013b). Although the parent company Alliance Boots has established its presence over 25 count ries but subsidiary Boots UK has not expanded its operation beyond UK and Ireland. Boots UK Limited (Boots) has expanded its retail operation with the help of establishing 2500 stores in UK and Ireland. The pharmacy chain serves more than 7 million customers every week and the company earns revenue over ?5 billion (Tata Consultancy Services, 2007). Task 1 Ans.1b- Careful analysis of the research work of Sheth and Sisodia (2006) reveals the fact that both product and service driven companies have started to look into marketing planning as a strategic move instead of perceiving it as a mere operational trick to generate brand awareness. Modern companies separately allocate resources for formulating and executing the marketing plan. Sheth and Sisodia (2006) argued that modern marketers have started viewing marketing plan as a means for generating customer satisfaction and loyalty. Modern marketing plan is created after conducting deep market research on consumer behavior, economic powe r index of customer, demography of customers, social dynamics of customers while in previous occasions, marketing plan was developed on the basis of product selling objectives. However, Wood (2008) pointed out that pattern of marketing plan changed in terms on inclusion of social elements in the planning phase. For example, modern marketers emphasize heavily on creating human touch points or human appeal through the marketing plan while in previous occasions, marketing plans were mechanical in nature. Capabilities of Boots UK Limited (Boots) can be assessed in terms of its resources which can be classified as tangible, intangible and human resources. Tangible Resource Intangible Resource Human Resource Capabilities Boots work as the subsidy of Alliance Boots which earns annual revenue of more than $40 billion with operating profit of $2billion. Hence, the group is in financially stable position to finance its marketing plan. Boots is market leader in UK’s pharmacy-led health and beauty with 2,500 distribution centres. Boots has got intellectual capital by establishing patent contract with leading pharmaceutical companies. Contract with pharmaceutical companies help Boots to sell generic drugs in exclusive manner to customers. The company maintains the heritage of 164 years which is greatest drive for building the brand equity for Boots. In many occasions, Boots